That which will be logically possible and can be experienced (observed), is physically possible. But, again, we confront the “fixed background” assumption. Imagine if nature itself changes in ways to confound everlasting, ever-truer knowledge? Then, the shift of nature as a whole, as a system, could be called “supernatural” or “miraculous “. In a tiny way, this is the way science evolves. A law of nature is proposed. An event or occurs or observation made which are not described or predicted by it.
It is, by definition, a violation of the law. The laws of nature are modified, or re-written entirely, in order to reflect and encompass this extraordinary event. Hume’s distinction between “extraordinary” and “miraculous” events is upheld (the latter being ruled out). The extraordinary ones can be compared to your previous experience – the miraculous entail some supernatural interference with the standard course of things (a “wonder” in Biblical terms).
It is through confronting the extraordinary and eliminating its abnormal nature that science progresses as a miraculous activity. This, obviously, is not the view of the likes of David Deutsch (see his book, “The Fabric of Reality”). The last phase with this Life Cycle is Ossification. The discipline degenerates and, following the psychotic phase, it sinks in to a paralytic stage which will be characterized by these:
Most of the practical and technological aspects of the discipline are preserved and continue being utilized. Gradually the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings vanish or are replaced by the tenets and postulates of a new discipline – but the inventions, processes and practical know-how don’t evaporate. They’re incorporated into the new discipline and, in time, are erroneously caused by it.
This is a transfer of credit and the attribution of merit and benefits to the legitimate successor of the discipline. The practitioners of the discipline confine themselves to copying and replicating the various aspects of the discipline, mainly its intellectual property (writings, inventions, other theoretical material). The replication process doesn’t lead to the creation of new knowledge or to even the dissemination of old one.
It is really a hermetic process, limited to the ever decreasing circle of the initiated. Special institutions are set as much as rehash the materials linked to the discipline, process them and copy them. These institutions are financed and supported by the State which will be always an agent of conservation, preservation and conformity. Thus, the creative-evolutionary dimension of the discipline freezes over.
No new paradigms or revolutions happen. Interpretation and replication of canonical writings end up being the predominant activity. Formalisms aren’t subjected to scrutiny and laws assume eternal, immutable, quality. Most of the activities of the adherents of the discipline become ritualized. The discipline itself becomes a pillar of the ability structures and, as a result, is commissioned and condoned by them.
Its practitioners synergistically collaborate using them: with the industrial base, the military powerhouse, the political elite, the intellectual cliques in vogue. Institutionalization inevitably leads to the formation of a (mostly bureaucratic) hierarchy. Rituals serve two purposes. The foremost is to divert attention from subversive, “forbidden” thinking.
As well as much as can be the case with obsessive-compulsive disorders in those who do ritualistic behavior patterns to deflect “wrong” or “corrupt” thoughts. Along with the second purpose is to cement the effectiveness of the “clergy” in the discipline. Rituals absolutely are a specialized form expertise which can be obtained only through initiation procedures and experience.
One’s status from the hierarchy just isn’t the end result of objectively quantifiable variables or maybe of judgment of merit. It is actually the end result of politics and other power-related interactions. The events of “Communist Genetics” (Lysenko) versus “Capitalist Genetics” and also the superpower races (space race, arms race) visit mind. Conformity, dogmatism, doctrines – all produce enforcement mechanisms which should never be subtle.
Dissidents are put through sanctions: social sanctions and economic sanctions. They can find themselves ex-communicated, harassed, imprisoned, tortured, their works banished or you cannot published, ridiculed therefore on. This is really the triumph of text over the human beings spirit. The members of the discipline’s community forget the initial reasons to cause for his or her scientific pursuits.
Why was the discipline developed? What were the initial riddles, questions, queries? How did it feel to become curious? Where’s the burning fire plus the glistening eyes and the feelings of unity with nature which were the prime moving forces behind the discipline? The cold ashes in the conflagration are the texts along with preservation is a manifestation of longing and desire for things past.
The vacuum left with the absence of positive emotions – is filled by negative ones. The discipline and its particular disciples become phobic, paranoid, defensive, that has a blurred reality test. Devoid of new, attractive content, the discipline resorts to negative motivation by manipulation of negative emotions. Persons are frightened, threatened, herded, cajoled.
The planet without having the discipline is painted in a apocalyptic palette as ruled by irrationality, disorderly, chaotic, dangerous, even lethally so. New, emerging disciplines, are presented as heretic, fringe lunacies, inconsistent, reactionary and bound to steer humanity back to some dark ages. This is actually the inter-disciplinary or inter-paradigm clash.
It follows the Psychotic Phase. That old discipline resorts to some transcendental entity (God, Satan, the conscious intelligent observer from the Copenhagen interpretation in the formalism of Quantum Mechanics). On this sense, it has already been psychotic and fails its reality test. It develops messianic aspirations which is inspired by the missionary zeal and zest.
Combating new ideas and theories is bloody and ruthless and every possible set up is employed. But the actual characteristics in the older nomenclature is in the disfavor. It is actually closed, according to ritualistic initiation, patronizing. It utilizes intimidation. Diet plan the faithful dwindles the better the “church” needs them and the better it resorts to oppressive recruitment tactics.
The emerging knowledge wins by historical default and never a result of the results of a typical fierce fight. The initiated desert. Their belief unravels when confronted with the simple truth value, explanatory and predictive powers, plus the comprehensiveness in the emerging discipline. This, indeed, often is the main presenting symptom, distinguishing hallmark, of paralytic old disciplines.
They deny reality. The absolutely are a belief-system, a myth, requiring suspension of judgment, the voluntary limitation in the quest, the agreement to go away swathes in the map in the state of a blank “terra incognita “.This reductionism, this avoidance, their replacement by some transcendental authority are the start of an end.
#1. Consider Physics
The Universe is mostly a complex, orderly system. When it were a smart being, we can be compelled to state that this had “chosen” to preserve form (structure), order and complexity – and also increase them whenever and wherever it can. You can easily refer to this as an all-natural inclination or an inclination in the Universe. This explains why evolution will not stop for the protozoa level.
Considering that, these mono-cellular organisms were (and still are, poisonous of years later) superbly adapted recommended to their environment. Rrt had been Bergson who posed the question: why did nature prefer potential risk of unstable complexity over predictable and reliable and durable simplicity? The solution appears to be which your Universe provides a predilection (not confined to the biological realm) to extend complexity and order and the fact that principle takes precedence over “utilitarian” calculations of stability.
The battle between entropic arrow and the negentropic the first is more vital than every (in-built) “consideration “.It’s Time itself and Thermodynamics pitted against Man (as an important part of the Universe), Order (a systemic, extensive parameter) against Disorder. Within this context, natural selection ‘s no more “blind” or “random” than its subjects. It can be discriminating, exercises discretion, encourages structure, complexity and order.
The contrast that Bergson stipulated between Natural Selection and Élan Vitale is grossly misplaced: Natural Selection IS the vital power itself. Modern Physics is converging with Philosophy (possibly using the philosophical side of Religion as well) and the convergence is precisely where concepts of Order and disorder emerge. String theories, such as, come in several versions which describe many possible different worlds.
Granted, they often all be facets of the identical Being (distant echoes of the modern versions in the Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics). Still, why will we, intelligent conscious observers, see (=why are we exposed to) only looking after in the Universe? Aches and pains ? this aspect “selected”? The Universe is constrained this particular “selection process” by their own history – but history shouldn’t be synonymous using the Laws of Nature.
Link units determine the previous – does the previous also determine rogues? To paraphrase: were the Laws of Nature “selected” to boot and, if you have, how? The solution seems self evident: the Universe “selected” both Natural Laws and – therefore – their own history. The selection process was while using principle of Natural Selection. A filter was applied: whatever increased order, complexity, structure – survived. Indeed, our very survival in the form of species holds largely based mostly on these things.
Our Universe – having survived – has to be an optimized Universe. Only order-increasing Universes you should not succumb to entropy and death (the weak hypothesis). It will probably even be argued (as we do here) which our Universe is the actual possible variety of Universe (the semi-strong hypothesis) or use the only Universe (the strong hypothesis). The essence belonging to the Anthropic Principle.
By definition, universal rules pervade most of the realms of existence. Biological systems must obey the equivalent order-increasing (natural) laws as physical ones and social ones. Efficient a section of the Universe with the sense that we are subject to your same discipline and adhere to your same “religion “.Efficient an inevitable result – not a possibility happening.
We might possibly be the culmination of orderly processes – not the of random events. The Universe enables us and our society because – and only so long as – we increase order. Which is not to imply there’s an intention for it by the Universe (or a “higher being” or possibly a “higher power”). There isn’t a conscious or God-like spirit. There isn’t a religious assertion.
We merely say that any system that has Order becasue it is founding principle will frequently favor order, to breed it, to positively select its proponents and deselect its opponents – and, finally, to convey birth to increasingly more sophisticated weapons with the pro-Order arsenal. We, humans, were this order-increasing weapon until recently. These intuitive assertions can be simply converted into a formalism.
In Quantum Mechanics, the State Vector might be constrained to collapse to your most Order-enhancing event. If we had a pc how big the Universe which could infallibly model it – we would have had time to predict which event boosts the transaction with the Universe overall. No collapse would are required then rarely are probabilistic calculations.
It is possible to prove that events will follow a path of maximum order, because the modern world is orderly and more so. Had this not been true, evenly statistically scattered event can be caused a rise in entropy (thermodynamic laws might possibly be the offspring of statistical mechanics). But this simply fails to happen. Which is wrong to are convinced that order increases only in isolated “pockets”, in local regions individuals universe.
It’s always increasing everywhere, at all times, on all scales of measurement. Therefore, we have to conclude that quantum events are guided by some non-random principle (such for the reason that development of order). This, exactly, can be the case in biology. There isn’t a reason you need to to set up a life wavefunction which will always collapse to your most order increasing event. If we construct and apply this wave function to our society – we will probably find ourselves as one of the events after its collapse.
#2. Appendix – Interview granted to Adam Anderson
A. Do you imagine that superstitions have affected American culture? Therefore, how?
A. In its treatment of nature, Western culture is founded on realism and rationalism and purports to be devoid of superstitions. Granted, many Westerners – possibly the majority – remain into esoteric practices, such as for example Astrology. But the official culture and its bearers – scientists, as an example – disavow such throwbacks to a darker past.
Today, superstitions are less focused on the physical Universe and more with human affairs. Political falsities – such as for example anti-Semitism – supplanted magic and alchemy. Fantastic beliefs permeate the fields of economics, sociology, and psychology, for instance. The consequences of progressive taxation, the usefulness of social welfare, the role of the media, the objectivity of science, the mechanism of democracy, and the event of psychotherapy – are six samples of such groundless fables.
Indeed, one oft-neglected facet of superstitions is their pernicious economic cost. Irrational action carries a price tag. It’s impossible to optimize one’s economic activity by making the proper decisions and then functioning on them in a community or culture permeated by the occult. Esotericism skews the appropriate allocation of scarce resources.
B. Are there any superstitions that exist today that you imagine could become facts tomorrow, or that you imagine have significantly more fact than fiction hidden in them?
A. Superstitions stem from one of these four premises:
- That there surely is nothing that may be thought of that is impossible (in all possible Universes);
- That there surely is nothing impossible (in all possible Universes) that may be thought of;
- That everything that may be thought of – is, therefore, possible (somewhere in these Universes);
- That everything that is possible exists (somewhere in these Universes).
As long as our knowledge is imperfect (asymptotic to the truth), everything is possible. As Arthur Clark, the British scientist and renowned writer of science fiction, said: “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic “. Still, regardless of how “magical” it becomes, positive science is increasingly challenged by the esoteric. The emergence of pseudo-science is the sad outcome of the blurring of contemporary distinctions between physics and metaphysics.
Modern science borders on speculation and attempts, to its disadvantage, to tackle questions that once were the exclusive preserve of religion or philosophy. The scientific method is ill-built to cope with such quests and is inferior to the various tools developed over centuries by philosophers, theologians, and mystics. Moreover, scientists often confuse language of representation with meaning and data represented.
Which a discipline of info uses quantitative methods along with the symbol system of mathematics will not convert it into a science. The saying “social sciences” is surely an oxymoron – and it also misleads the layman into convinced that science isn’t that dissimilar to literature, religion, astrology, numerology, and other esoteric “systems “.
The emergence of “relative”, New Age, and politically correct philosophies rendered science merely one option among many. Knowledge, people believe, is usually gleaned either directly (mysticism and spirituality) or indirectly (scientific practice). Both paths are equivalent and equipotent. Who will be to declare that science surpasses other “bodies of wisdom”? Self-interested scientific chauvinism is out with friends – indiscriminate “pluralism” is in.
C. I have found one definition of your word “superstition”
That states that it must be “a belief or practice as a result of ignorance, fear of your unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation.” What exactly is your opinion about said definition? A. It describes what motivates people to adopt superstitions – ignorance and fear of your unknown. Superstitions are, indeed, a “false conception of causation” which inevitably leads to “trust in magic “.
Really the only part I disagree with could be the trust in chance. Superstitions are organizing principles. They function as alternatives with other worldviews, for example religion or science. Superstitions look to replace chance with the “explanation” replete with the electricity to calculate future events and establish chains of causes and effects.
D. Most people believe that superstitions were created to only teach a lesson
Like the earlier superstition that “the girl that can take the final cookie might be a classic maid” is made to instruct area manners. Do you’re thinking that all superstitions originate from some lesson seeking to become skilled at that today’s society has simply forgotten or cannot get connected to anymore? A. Jose Ortega y Gasset said (in an unrelated exchange) that each one ideas stem from pre-rational beliefs.
William James concurred by saying that accepting a truth often requires an act of will which goes past facts and into your realm of feelings. Superstitions permeate our world. Some superstitions usually are meant to convey useful lessons, others form an element of the procedure for socialization, yet other medication is abused by various elites to manipulate the masses. But a majority turn there to comfort us by proffering “instant” causal explanations through rendering our Universe more meaningful.
E. Do you feel that superstitions change while using the changes in culture?
A. This article of superstitions along with the metaphors we use vary from culture to culture – but is not the shock and awe that yielded them in the 1st place. Man feels dwarfed inside a Cosmos beyond his comprehension. He seeks meaning, direction, safety, and guidance. Superstitions purport to supply each one of these building a way. To generally be superstitious have to to check or even toil. Superstitions are readily accessible and unequivocal. In troubled times, these are an irresistible proposition.
